Infections caused by multidrug-resistant microbes present daily challenges to infectious diseases physicians and their patients. The neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) of around 17 or more parasitic diseases and its related infections represent the most common illness. Children may experience six to eight acute respiratory illnesses per year, many of which, particularly in infancy, will involve the lower respiratory tract. Mortality resulting from acute lower respiratory disease is a serious problem in children under five years of age. Each year, only rotavirus causes approximately 352,000–592,000 deaths in children <5 years of age. Children in the poorest countries account for 82% of rotavirus deaths. Efforts should also be made to protect compromised children if hospitalization cannot be avoided. For winters, 608 children were hospitalized with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection were prospectively studied to evaluate the relation between their immune status and the severity of their infection. Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) has become an endemic childhood disease in East and Southeast Asia.

Perinatal HIV transmission is multifactorial and all potential hazard factors must be considered with regards to the planning of transmission in utero, during childbirth or after birth by breastfeeding. Every year, an expected 590,000 babies gain human immunodeficiency infection type 1 (HIV) disease from their mothers, mostly in developing countries that are unable to implement interventions now standard in the industrialized world. In asset poor settings, the HIV pandemic has disintegrated hard-won gains in infant and child survival. Later clinical preliminary outcomes from global settings propose that short-course antiretroviral regimens could altogether decrease perinatal HIV transmission worldwide if examine discoveries could be translated into practice. One of the real advances in prevention of perinatal transmission was the AIDS Clinical Trials Group 076 preliminary, which demonstrated that antiretroviral treatment with Zidovudine given to the mother amid pregnancy and conveyance, and to the newborn child, decreased transmission by 70%.

Infants and children are susceptible to the effects of starvation. The small preterm infant of 1 kg body weight contains just 1% fat and 8% protein and has a non-protein caloric hold of just 110 kcal/kg body weight. Improvements in methods for artificial nutritional support help presently to ensure that children in whom digestion and absorption are inadequate or who are unable to eat normally no longer need to suffer from the serious consequences of malnutrition including death. A small preterm infant has sufficient reserve to survive only four days of starvation and a large preterm baby has enough for twelve days. Malnutrition in children, leads to impaired tissue function, Immuno-suppression, defective muscle function, reduced respiratory and also results in impaired growth and nutrition. Poor Nutrition at basic times of development brings about abating and stunting of growth. While advances in knowledge of nutrient requirements, improved methods of nutrient delivery and understanding of the prevention and management of complications ensure that Pediatric Parenteral Nutrition can generally be delivered safely.

 The difference in survival for children diagnosed with cancer between high‐ and low‐income countries (LIC) continues to widen as curative therapies are developed in the former but not implemented in the latter. Childhood Cancer, providing psychosocial support has also played a role in curbing abandonment. Enhancing the quality of care in constrained settings through an effort program is challenging. Teleconferencing is increasingly being used and considered a breakthrough in medical education. Survival of childhood cancer in high-income countries is around 75–80%, but frequently less than 35% in low and middle-income countries. As a consequence, limited available knowledge and expertise becomes a main problem in treating oncology-hematology patients. 

The sensational increment in the prevalence of childhood overweight and its resultant comorbidities are related with critical wellbeing and financial burdens, justifying solid and far reaching aversion endeavors. This statement proposes strategies for early identification of excessive weight gain by using body mass index, for dietary and physical activity interventions during health supervision encounters, and for advocacy and research. Although the secular increase in pediatric obesity is well-documented, there has been no serious attempt to systematically address the causes of this secular trend. The rise in the prevalence and seriousness of pediatric obesity has been accompanied by higher rates of the known correlates of obesity as well as the emergence of new or newly identifiable health conditions. These include the classic cardiovascular risk factors, type 2 diabetes, menstrual abnormalities, sleep-disordered breathing, and psychosocial effects.

Pediatric gastroenterology is rapidly evolving, exciting and diverse discipline. Because the field is so expansive, this commentary highlights important trends, rather than narrowly focusing on specific advances. Examples of advances in pediatric gastroenterology are reviewed, including the intestinal microbiome, biomedical genomics, the biology of unique gastrointestinal cell types, and microRNAs (miRNAs). Pediatric gastrointestinal motility disorders are common and can range from relatively benign conditions such as functional constipation to more serious disorders such as achalasia, Hirschsprung disease, and intestinal pseudo obstruction. Performing and interpreting motility evaluations in children presents unique challenges and is complicated by a dearth of control information, underlying gastrointestinal developmental maturation, technical challenges and patient cooperation. Since the field is so extensive, this analysis features essential patterns, as opposed to barely concentrating on particular advances. Demonstrative examinations incorporate radiographic investigations, manometry, breath testing, myoelectrical testing, and histologic assessment. Although recent advances in innovation, genetics and science are having an imperative effect and have took into account a superior comprehension of the pathophysiology and treatment of gastrointestinal motility issue in children, further research and new therapeutic agents are needed.

Pediatric cardiomyopathy is a heterogeneous group of primary myocardial diseases, often with a genetic nature, which represent an important cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in children. Inborn errors of metabolism are individually rare but account for up to 10% of all childhood cardiomyopathies. Paralleling progress in clinical genetic testing, our understanding of the genetic causes of cardiomyopathies both in adults and in children is rapidly improving. Genes causing cardiomyopathies can be different in children and in adults. For this reason, the pediatric population requires dedicated genetic panels. Functional studies, such us patch clamp or other in vitro and in vivo techniques used to verify the function of mutant structural macromolecules should be carried out in the presence of variants of unknown significance. Yoga has now entered mainstream culture for all age gatherings. As experts in movement analysis and therapeutic exercise, physical therapists hold the professional responsibility of determining the value of yoga's age-old art in modern day practice. Yoga, developed thousands of years ago, is perceived as a type of mind– body solution. The present "typical child" is depicted as stressed out, under nourished and inactive. Yoga therapy is emerging as one of the alternative for leading a Healthy life.

There has been an expansive increment in both the number of neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) in hospitals and the complexity of the cases treated in these units. Starting first hour of neonatal life incorporates neonatal resuscitation, post-resuscitation care, transportation of sick infant to neonatal emergency unit, and cardiovascular help and initial course in nursery. Mortality rates among low-birth-weight newborn children differed by both the volume of patients and the level of care at the delivery hospital. The danger of coagulase-negative staphylococcal bacteremia in newborns in neonatal intensive care units can be ascribed principally to the intravenous organization of lipid emulsions. Since lipids are basic for the nourishing help of premature infants, further studies are needed to analyze the pathogenesis and aversion of lipid-related bacteremia.

On the off chance that a child is conceived with some physical distortions or any genetic disorder, at that point a pediatric plastic surgery is done to provide proper functioning to the body. It incorporates cleft and palate repair, craniofacial reconstruction and some more. Untimely newborn infants experiencing abdominal operation during the initial 2 months of life have expectedly high danger of 30-day mortality. Female sex, inotrope, and ventilator bolster are autonomously connected with expanded danger of mortality and can be consolidated into a model where, if present, danger of mortality is more prominent than 14.2%. Head and neck surgical science has grown significantly during the previous 20 years with a noteworthy spotlight on organ preservation surgery. Among these organ preserving surgeries are the particular neck dissections, supracricoid partial laryngectomies, trans-oral laser surgeries and now a newcomer, trans-oral robotic surgery using the da Vinci surgical system. Trans-oral robotic surgery is in its early stages, be that as it may, to be sure, there have been a few inquiries raised about the role of these innovative robotic surgical techniques.

The advantage of thyroid hormone treatment for subclinical hypothyroidism is dubious. New evidence from ongoing randomized clinical preliminaries warrants an update of previous meta-analyses. Maybe the most vexing issue in a patient in an intensive care unit (ICU) is a surprising change in mental status. Historically, “acute encephalopathy” was the term used to incorporate such changes; however "delirium" is currently used to portray this state. Newborn screening and gene therapy are energizing new advances in the field of metabolic neurodegenerative disorders. This Viewpoint examines X-connected Adreno Leuko Dystrophy (ALD), an inherited disorder affecting the adrenals and nervous system white matter.

Urologists are in a unique position to correct deficiency. Characteristically, survivors of childhood cancer present to us as an adult with complaints of infertility, erectile dysfunction, androgen deprivation, lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) or for follow-up of a urinary diversion. Our specialty should be able to treat the patients presenting complaint, identify the high-risk patient and re-establish them on their surveillance protocol. when skin impedance is overcome through the use of acupuncture needles, and greater proximity is attained between the tip of the electrode and the sacral nerves, a more effective stimulus is achieved, with enough energy to provide the same benefits as parasacral TENS with the advantage that treatment can be given only once a week. Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a frequent disorder of childhood, yet the proper approach for a child with UTI is still a matter of controversy. The objective of this highlight was to critically compare current guidelines for the diagnosis and management of UTI in children, in light of new scientific data.

The emergency department (ED) may represent a significant opportunity to provide selective pediatric mental health screening to an in danger populace. Neighborhood wellbeing focuses can be an imperative new improvement in medicinal consideration for indigents in a metropolitan community. The adequacy of one of these focuses in decreasing the quantity of pediatric visits to emergency departments was contemplated by examination of the quantity of crisis office visits by Health Center area. Many hospitals and emergency departments need assets to ideally think about sick and injured children, propagating dangers of accepting divided and "uneven" care. Many innovative initiatives, including doctor and propelled hone supplier instruction and preparing, pediatric status acknowledgment programs, telemedicine and in-situ reenactment effort, and network paramedicine are being used to enable extension to get to holes and enlarge the scope of the pediatric emergency medicine workforce. Additionally, better comprehension of our current preparing models for and use of cutting edge rehearse experts in pediatric emergency medicine is significant to understanding the assorted variety of workforce development and opportunity.

Pediatric dentistry is the branch of odontology dealing with children from birth through adolescence. The specialty of pediatric dentistry is recognized by the American Dental Association, Royal College of Dentists of Canada, and Royal Australasian College of Dental Surgeons. Pediatric dentists specialists are dedicated to the oral health of children from infancy through the teen years. They have the expertise and qualifications to care for a child’s teeth, gums, and mouth throughout the various phases of childhood. Children begin to urge their baby teeth during the first 6 months of life. By age 6 or 7 years, they begin to lose their first arrangement of teeth, which eventually are replaced by auxiliary, permanent teeth. Without proper dental care, children face possible oral decay and disease that can cause a lifetime of torment and complications. Today, early childhood dental caries—an infectious disease—is 5 times more common in children than asthma and 7 times more common than roughage fever. Pediatric dentists promote the dental health of children in addition serves as educational resources for parents like preventative home care (brushing/flossing/fluorides), a cavity risk assessment, information on finger, thumb, and pacifier habits, advice on preventing injuries to the mouth and teeth of children, diet guidance, and knowledge on growth and development.

Women health and midwifery nursing provides primary health care services to women during their child bearing years or reproductive years. Women’s Health Nurse Practitioner provides well-woman care and treating women with both chronic and acute illnesses. These healthcare providers are also qualified to provide give care to the infant during the initial 28 days of life and for male partners as it relates to explicitly transmitted infections. Nurse-midwives offer initial and current comprehensive assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of women. The scope of their services incorporates health promotion, disease prevention, and individualized wellness education and counselling. Although both nurse-midwives and women’s health nurse practitioners are perceived as advanced practices and are able to provide primary care to women from adolescence through menopause, there are distinct differences between these two specialties.

Community nursing can be broadly described as any nursing care provided outside of an intense hospital. This incorporates healthcare provided in the home, and furthermore in other settings, for instance within General Practice, a community hospital, the care suite of a police station, a school or care home.  Family health nursing is a nursing aspect of organized family health care services which are coordinated or centered on family as the unit care with health as the goal. It is in this manner of nursing care and health care. It helps to develop self-care abilities of the family and promote, ensure and maintain its health. Family health nursing is generalized, well balanced and coordinated exhaustive and consistent are requiring complete intending to accomplish its goal. The goal of the family health nursing embrace optimal functioning for the individual and for the family as a unit.

Telenursing refers to the employment of telecommunications and information technology in the provision of fundamentally changing the method of healthcare delivery whenever an oversized physical distance exists between patient and nurse, or between any numbers of attendants. Telenursing is considered as a subset of telehealth that focuses on the delivery, administration, and coordination of care and services utilizing telecommunications technology within the domain of nursing.  Telenursing could facilitate solve increasing shortages of nurses; to scale back distances and save travel time, and to keep patients out of hospital. e-Health then again, is the healthcare practice supported by electronic processes.    e-Health includes technology like electronic health records, patient administration systems and lab systems, which cannot all be stored within mobile health applications.

Psychiatric nursing or mental health nursing is the selected position of a nurse that specialises in psychological health, and cares for people of any ages experiencing mental illnesses or distress. With roots in the late nineteenth century, Psychiatric-Mental Health Nursing is a fairly new order that has developed to treat patients determined with mental illnesses, such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, anxiety, substance abuse, and depression. Psychological instabilities are often not considered evident medical conditions by the public, but they can actually be more distressing than other substantial illnesses. Psychiatric nurses specialize in mental health to help patients to conquer their psychiatric disorder and the stigma related with it for living their best lives. Nurses in this area receive specific coaching in psychological therapies, building a therapeutic alliance, handling with challenging behaviour, and the administration of psychiatric medication.